IndustryAtlasSUPPLY CHAIN HANDBOOK
Follow drivetrains, control and thermal management into vehicles and charging, then consider end-of-use batteries. Component performance and vehicle outcomes have different validation scopes; a capability is not evidence of a vehicle order.
A battery stores energy. Inverters, motors and transmissions convert it into wheel motion; DC/DC converters serve other voltage domains; thermal systems coordinate batteries, drivetrains and cabins. Charging also divides work: AC charging uses the onboard charger, while DC fast charging performs the main conversion outside the vehicle. Follow storage, conversion, distribution and heat management to distinguish semiconductor components, drive units and vehicle integration.
The inverter controls motor power, the motor produces rotation, and gearing delivers it to the wheels. An eAxle integrates these functions, separating component supply from drive-system delivery.
Enclosures and chassis provide support and protection, thermal systems manage temperatures, and high-voltage connections link energy paths. Vehicle integration validates these functions with control systems.
Site distribution and chargers supply vehicles, whose systems manage battery charging. Retired batteries are assessed for suitable reuse or material recovery; reuse is not automatic.
For AC versus DC charging, locate the main conversion stage and check vehicle–site compatibility. For vehicle designs, consider thermal management, operating schedules and payload alongside battery capacity.
This map focuses on battery-electric road vehicles (BEVs). Materials become batteries, electric drives, power converters and thermal systems, which vehicle makers integrate before connecting to charging and battery recovery.
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Vehicle integration brings batteries, electric drives, onboard power, thermal management and body electrical systems together as a usable vehicle.
Tesla, BYD and Foxtron illustrate different vehicle or platform-integration roles. In-house and purchased content varies by company and model; software control and full-vehicle validation are also integration work.
Distinction: Brand ownership, design services and contract manufacturing need not belong to one company. Concept vehicles and production vehicles are different statuses.
Scope of these company examples
Model 3 is the public BEV product example.
Product / role sourceFocuses on battery-electric vehicles, excluding the group's plug-in hybrids from this category.
Product / role sourceTaiwanese EV platform and product development; production status requires model-specific verification.
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Electrical steel, windings and mechanical parts support motor manufacturing. Whether rare-earth permanent magnets are needed depends on the motor architecture.
China Steel publishes electrical-steel information for EV motors, supporting its steel-supplier role. Permanent-magnet and other motor architectures coexist, with different material needs.
Distinction: Not every EV motor requires rare-earth permanent magnets. An unnamed customer code is not proof of a specific automaker relationship.
Scope of these company examples
Electrical steel for EV traction motors; unnamed customer codes are not interpreted.
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A traction motor converts electricity into mechanical power and can support regenerative braking in suitable designs. It may be separate or part of an integrated electric axle.
Bosch eAxle solutions combine a motor, inverter and transmission. Each module still has a different purpose and set of upstream inputs.
Distinction: Motor power, system efficiency and vehicle range are different metrics. A motor specification alone cannot establish overall vehicle performance.
Scope of these company examples
Traction motors and system integration within eAxles.
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The transmission carries motor power to the wheels. It may be integrated with the motor and inverter as an electric axle.
Bosch and AISIN publish eAxle products. They illustrate integrated transmission capability, not a claim that they manufacture every gear or bearing themselves.
Distinction: EVs still need mechanical power transmission. Removing a combustion engine does not eliminate the need for gears.
Scope of these company examples
Transmission integration within electric axles; does not imply every gear is made in-house.
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Power devices and control chips serve inverters, onboard power systems and charging equipment. Selection depends on voltage, power, efficiency, cost and automotive requirements.
Infineon publishes automotive silicon and silicon-carbide solutions; TI offers digital control, power and GaN technologies. These roles differ from supplying a finished inverter or charger.
Distinction: Silicon, SiC and GaN have different application ranges. SiC does not replace every device throughout an EV power system.
Scope of these company examples
Automotive silicon and SiC power semiconductors and related electric-drive solutions.
Product / role sourceMCUs, power management and GaN technologies used in publicly announced automotive-power collaboration.
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The traction inverter controls electrical power flowing from the battery to the motor. It works with the motor and transmission and can form part of an eAxle.
Power semiconductors, control circuits, capacitors and thermal design work together. Delta publishes motor-drive products, and Bosch publishes integrated electric-drive systems.
Distinction: A traction inverter controls the motor; it is not the same function as an onboard battery charger.
Scope of these company examples
Public automotive motor-drive and integrated power-system products.
Product / role sourceInverter integration within eAxles.
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An onboard charger (OBC) converts external AC input into DC suitable for battery charging and works with charging controls.
Delta publishes OBC products and announced onboard charging and power-technology cooperation with TI in 2024. This supports the announced collaboration, not undisclosed automaker customer relationships.
Distinction: The main AC-to-DC conversion for DC fast charging takes place outside the vehicle. Not all charging power passes through the OBC.
Scope of these company examples
EV OBCs and related integrated power products.
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Vehicle DC/DC converters supply different voltage domains, for example converting the traction battery's high-voltage DC for auxiliary vehicle systems.
Delta publishes high-voltage DC/DC converters and integrated power systems. Depending on the architecture, a converter may be combined with an OBC, but their functions remain distinct.
Distinction: DC/DC is not a synonym for OBC. Low-voltage vehicle supply and traction-battery charging are different tasks.
Scope of these company examples
Automotive DC/DC converters and integrated systems.
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An eAxle combines the motor, inverter and transmission into a drive unit, bringing together several component supply chains.
Bosch and AISIN publish eAxle products. The map also allows motors, inverters and transmissions to connect directly to vehicle integration, representing separate modules or other degrees of integration.
Distinction: Not every BEV uses the same three-in-one drive architecture.
Scope of these company examples
Three-in-one motor, inverter and transmission integration.
Product / role sourceeAxles for electric vehicles.
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Cooling components and related materials form circuits that transport and exchange heat. System designers coordinate the temperatures of the connected equipment.
MAHLE publishes pumps, heat exchangers and cooling solutions. This establishes a component role, not a claim that it supplies every coolant or thermal-interface material.
Distinction: Thermal systems typically need several kinds of supplier. One component does not establish complete system capability.
Scope of these company examples
Heat exchangers, pumps and cooling components.
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Thermal management coordinates temperatures and heat flow across the battery, motor, power electronics and cabin. Some architectures include a heat pump.
MAHLE publishes integrated solutions considering cabin air conditioning and drive-component thermal management together. It supports several branches rather than being an accessory added only after vehicle integration.
Distinction: Thermal management is broader than a heat pump, which is optional on some vehicles. Different heat sources do not share one operating temperature.
Scope of these company examples
Battery, drive and cabin thermal management and heat-pump solutions.
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Bodies and chassis support the vehicle and battery system. Battery trays and enclosures provide structure and protection, with steel, aluminum and other materials assigned according to the design.
Hydro publishes aluminum battery trays, enclosure frames and body components. These illustrate aluminum-material and structural-part roles.
Distinction: An enclosure supplier is not a cell manufacturer, and aluminum-component capability does not prove complete vehicle manufacturing.
Scope of these company examples
Aluminum battery trays, enclosure frames and vehicle-body structures.
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High-voltage harnesses and connectors link batteries, onboard power equipment and electric drives. They must fit vehicle packaging and connection-reliability requirements.
BizLink publishes design, manufacturing and testing capabilities for EV/PHEV high-voltage harnesses. Relationships with particular automakers still need independent evidence.
Distinction: A product listing does not prove supply to every automaker on the map. Harnesses are also different from current collectors inside cells.
Scope of these company examples
Design, manufacturing and testing of EV/PHEV high-voltage harnesses.
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BEVs serve passenger cars, buses and commercial transport. Range, payload, parking time and frequency of use affect battery and charging requirements.
Private cars and fixed-route fleets can have different needs despite both using BEVs. For company roles, return to vehicle integration or charging services.
Distinction: This road-vehicle map does not treat electric motorcycles, vessels or aircraft as having interchangeable specifications.
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Charging sites need suitable electricity supply, distribution and site configuration. Storage or energy management may be included, but neither is mandatory at every site.
This node represents utility power, engineering and site configuration. The existing nuclear-operations node offers one route to explore generation, not a claim that charging uses only nuclear electricity.
Distinction: A charger's rated power is not the power a vehicle can continuously receive. Vehicle and site conditions also matter.
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AC charging equipment works with the vehicle's onboard charger. DC fast charging performs the main power conversion outside the vehicle and feeds DC into its charging system.
Delta publishes AC and DC charging equipment. Making equipment differs from operating charging sites, even when one company participates in both.
Distinction: Equipment manufacturers need not operate every station using their products. Distinguish external equipment from the OBC.
Scope of these company examples
AC and DC charging products, separately from on-board chargers.
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Operators bring together sites, charging equipment, maintenance and user services for individual drivers or fleets.
EVgo publishes its charging-network activity and a delivery of Delta equipment, illustrating their different roles. Here CPO means charge point operator, not co-packaged optics in the photonics chain.
Distinction: Buying equipment, building sites and operating charging services are different business roles and need not belong to one company.
Scope of these company examples
Charging sites and services, with a published announcement of Delta fast-charger deliveries.
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Testing and sorting determine whether retired batteries are suitable for reuse or should enter material recycling. Manufacturing scrap can also enter the recycling chain directly.
The decision considers usable condition, integration cost and the target application. This is a processing step; companies should be identified by verified recycling or reuse activities.
Distinction: Retirement means neither total failure nor automatic suitability for storage. Testing cannot be skipped before assigning a second-life use.
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Suitable batteries may be reintegrated into storage or other applications after safety, performance and economics are assessed. Eventual recycling is still needed after reuse.
The map treats reuse as an option, not a mandatory stage for every retired battery. Selling new-battery storage systems does not prove a company reuses retired vehicle batteries.
Distinction: New-battery storage and retired-battery reuse are different markets, with different starting materials and validation work.
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Recyclers process battery-manufacturing scrap and retired batteries. Recovered materials can return to the supply chain after suitable processing.
Redwood publishes lithium-ion recycling and materials activities. The return loop represents processed materials reentering supply, not dismantled material going straight into a new cell.
Panasonic and Redwood announced a recycled cathode-material and copper-foil supply agreement in 2022. It establishes the stated relationship, not delivery of all planned volumes.
Distinction: Not every constituent is recovered in the same proportion. Recovery rate, recycled-material quality and actual output require separate evidence.
Scope of these company examples
Processes manufacturing scrap and retired batteries, returning recovered materials to the supply chain.
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