SUPPLY CHAIN HANDBOOK

Power electronics: Si, SiC, GaN, components and systems

Separate power-semiconductor substrates, epitaxy, design, fabrication and packaging, then trace magnetics, capacitors, PSUs, power shelves and board-level power. Component, PSU and rack-level power or efficiency figures are not directly comparable.

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Why does adopting SiC or GaN not by itself prove a better power supply?

Power devices handle selected switching and rectification functions. A supply also needs control, magnetics, capacitors, PCB design, protection and cooling. Semiconductor materials offer different voltage and switching options, but circuit architecture and operating loads determine the result. Wafer-to-device manufacturing and device-to-PSU integration are separate layers. Rack distribution and board regulators then continue converting power before it reaches processor operating voltages.

  1. Substrates, epitaxy and device fabrication → Packaged power semiconductors

    Materials and epitaxy establish controlled structures; fabrication creates devices. Packaging supplies electrical and thermal connections and testing. Silicon, SiC and GaN routes require separate process and application checks.

  2. Power devices, passives and controls → Complete PSU modules

    Switches combine with magnetics, capacitors, drivers, boards and cooling. Module validation checks load response, efficiency, temperature and protection beyond individual-device specifications.

  3. PSUs or rack DC output → Board and processor power

    Power shelves and distribution feed compute modules. Board DC/DC stages and core regulators reduce voltage for loads; higher upstream voltage still requires downstream conversion and appropriate interfaces.

What changes the choice?

Match input, output, load and cooling conditions when comparing efficiency or density. Silicon, SiC and GaN can serve different stages together; select for circuit requirements and cost rather than a material ranking.

Sources for this overview

Power supplies and power electronics

Power-supply and power-electronics chain

Semiconductors, components, PSUs and rack power

Si, SiC and GaN power devices combine with magnetics, capacitors, control ICs, PCBs and thermal parts to form PSUs serving servers and racks.

Entry sources reviewed: 2026-10-30

Products, materials and role

Explore semiconductor manufacturing, then the parallel component inputs to a PSU. Individual PSUs, power shelves, board regulators and BBUs have different roles; focused maps explain their materials and processes.

Power-device wafer fabricationPSU magnetic componentsPSU capacitorsServer PSU modules800 V DC power distribution

Distinction: GaN, SiC and Si are material routes that may coexist in one PSU. A material name alone does not establish system power, efficiency or production status.

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Si/SiC/GaN power semiconductors

SiC substrates for power devices

Crystal growth and wafer processing

High-purity SiC is grown into crystals, sliced and surface-processed into substrates for power devices, typically followed by SiC epitaxy.

Entry sources reviewed: 2026-10-08

Products, materials and role

Wolfspeed supplies conductive SiC substrates and epitaxy. Crystal defects and surface quality influence subsequent device manufacturing.

Distinction: A SiC substrate is not a finished MOSFET. Conductive power substrates and semi-insulating RF substrates have different specifications.

Company roles

Scope of these company examples

  • Wolfspeed · United States · Example role · SiC materials

    Conductive SiC substrates and epitaxial products.

    Product / role source

    Sources reviewed: 2026-10-08

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Power-semiconductor epitaxy

Si, SiC and GaN-on-Si

Controlled crystalline layers provide the electrical and thickness profiles needed for power devices. Si, SiC and GaN use distinct epitaxial processes.

Entry sources reviewed: 2026-10-08

Products, materials and role

Episil-Precision publishes Si, SiC and GaN epitaxy. Its GaN-on-Si route grows GaN/AlGaN structures on silicon substrates.

Distinction: A GaN power device need not use a bulk GaN wafer. Supplying epitaxy does not establish responsibility for all subsequent device processing.

Company roles

Scope of these company examples

  • EPi · Taiwan · Example role · Si/SiC/GaN epitaxy

    Published epitaxial materials and GaN-on-Si structures.

    Product / role source

    Sources reviewed: 2026-10-08

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Power-device wafer fabrication

Device design, platforms and fabrication

Wafer processing forms gates, contacts and metal interconnects in power devices. Integrated manufacturers may fabricate internally; design companies may use foundries.

Entry sources reviewed: 2026-10-08

Products, materials and role

Episil publishes silicon power-device, SiC and GaN manufacturing services. Voltage, resistance, switching and reliability require coordinated device and process design.

Distinction: Foundries, device brands and PSU manufacturers have distinct roles. Process capability does not establish a particular PSU customer order.

Company roles

Scope of these company examples

  • Episil Technologies (3707) · Taiwan · Example role · Power-device fabrication

    Published silicon power-device, SiC and GaN manufacturing services.

    Product / role source

    Sources reviewed: 2026-10-08

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Silicon power devices

MOSFETs and diodes

Silicon MOSFETs and diodes perform switching, rectification and protection alongside SiC and GaN, depending on voltage, current and cost.

Entry sources reviewed: 2026-10-08

Products, materials and role

Different stages have different requirements. Conduction loss, reliability, packaging and price influence device choice. Silicon control ICs remain a separate functional category.

Distinction: GaN and SiC do not eliminate silicon from PSUs, and not every silicon IC is a power switch.

Company roles

Scope of these company examples

  • Infineon · Germany · Example role · Silicon power devices

    Silicon devices in a mixed Si/SiC/GaN reference design.

    Product / role source

    Sources reviewed: 2026-10-08

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SiC power devices

MOSFETs and Schottky diodes

SiC devices serve conversion stages suited to their voltage and switching characteristics, including some server PFC and high-voltage architectures.

Entry sources reviewed: 2026-10-08

Products, materials and role

Infineon uses SiC in the PFC stage of its 12 kW reference design. Navitas publishes GaN and SiC development for 800 V architecture; separate devices, reference designs and deployments.

Distinction: Distribution voltage alone does not determine individual device ratings. Topology, margins and operating conditions affect selection.

Company roles

Scope of these company examples

  • Infineon · Germany · Example role · SiC power devices

    SiC PFC in a 12 kW reference design, distinct from end-product shipments.

    Product / role source

    Sources reviewed: 2026-10-08

  • Navitas Semiconductor · United States · Example role · SiC power semiconductors

    Published device development for 800 V architecture; verify status by product.

    Product / role source

    Sources reviewed: 2026-10-08

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GaN power devices

HEMTs, power ICs and fast switching

GaN power transistors support high-frequency switching in PFC, isolated conversion or downstream DC/DC stages, depending on the design.

Entry sources reviewed: 2026-10-30

Products, materials and role

TI demonstrates GaN PFC; Infineon uses GaN in isolated conversion in its 12 kW reference. Higher frequency can support smaller magnetics, with coordinated loss, layout and interference control.

Distinction: Power-conversion GaN and RF-amplifier GaN need product-specific classification; material names alone do not establish the application.

Company roles

Scope of these company examples

  • Infineon · Germany · Example role · GaN power transistors

    GaN conversion stages in a 12 kW PSU reference.

    Product / role source

    Sources reviewed: 2026-10-08

  • Texas Instruments · United States · Example role · GaN and digital power

    Published GaN PFC server PSU reference design.

    Product / role source

    Sources reviewed: 2026-10-08

  • Navitas Semiconductor · United States · Example role · GaN power devices

    GaNFast power devices and development for 800 V architecture.

    Product / role source

    Sources reviewed: 2026-10-08

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Power-device packaging and test

Interconnects, heat flow and insulation

Packaging connects power dies to external circuits while providing thermal paths, insulation and mechanical protection, followed by electrical and quality testing.

Entry sources reviewed: 2026-10-08

Products, materials and role

Packages may use copper leadframes, wire or clip interconnects, die-attach materials and molding compounds. ASE offers SiC/GaN power packaging; materials vary by package.

Distinction: PSU power devices do not necessarily need CoWoS or ABF substrates. Device testing differs from complete PSU load validation.

Company roles

Scope of these company examples

  • ASE · Taiwan · Example role · Power-device packaging

    aPPAK and other SiC/GaN packaging; no specific PSU customer is inferred.

    Product / role source

    Sources reviewed: 2026-10-08

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PSU components and materials

PSU magnetic components

Transformers, inductors and chokes

Transformers convert voltage and provide isolation; inductors store magnetic energy and smooth current; common-mode chokes suppress noise.

Entry sources reviewed: 2026-10-30

Products, materials and role

Materials include ferrite or metal-powder cores, copper windings and insulation. Planar transformers can use PCB windings. TDK publishes power transformers and MnZn ferrite materials.

Distinction: Faster GaN switching does not allow unlimited transformer shrinkage. Core and winding loss, temperature and insulation still constrain the design.

Company roles

Scope of these company examples

  • TDK · Japan · Example role · Transformers and magnetic materials

    AC/DC transformers and power ferrites selected by specification.

    Product / role source

    Sources reviewed: 2026-10-08

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PSU capacitors

Electrolytic, polymer, film and MLCC

Capacitors share energy buffering, output filtering, resonance and high-frequency decoupling. Voltage, ripple current, life and size must suit the circuit stage.

Entry sources reviewed: 2026-10-30

Products, materials and role

Aluminum electrolytics use foil, an oxide dielectric and liquid or polymer electrolytes. Film capacitors may use metallized polypropylene; high-permittivity MLCCs use ceramic and metal electrode layers.

Distinction: PSU capacitors are not BBU batteries, and one capacitor technology cannot simply replace all others.

Company roles

Scope of these company examples

  • APAQ · Taiwan · Example role · Polymer and electrolytic capacitors

    Published conductive-polymer, hybrid and aluminum electrolytic products.

    Product / role source

    Sources reviewed: 2026-10-08

  • Taiwan Chinsan (8042) · Taiwan · Example role · Aluminum electrolytic capacitors

    AN series lists power-supply applications, not universal server qualification.

    Product / role source

    Sources reviewed: 2026-10-08

  • Murata Manufacturing · Japan · Example role · Ceramic capacitors

    MLCC materials and device technology; qualify specifications by part.

    Product / role source

    Sources reviewed: 2026-10-08

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Power control, driver and sensing ICs

Regulation, switching, monitoring and PMBus

Controllers regulate conversion using voltage, current and temperature information; gate drivers operate power switches; digital management reports status.

Entry sources reviewed: 2026-10-30

Products, materials and role

TI server resources describe digital control and PMBus, and Infineon uses digital control in its 12 kW reference. Controllers, drivers and switches may be discrete or integrated.

Distinction: Control ICs differ from switches carrying the main power flow. Functional categories do not imply one physical chip per function.

Company roles

Scope of these company examples

  • Texas Instruments · United States · Example role · Control and power management

    Server PSU design resources and digital control.

    Product / role source

    Sources reviewed: 2026-10-08

  • Infineon · Germany · Example role · Digital control and drivers

    Control, driver and protection components in a 12 kW reference.

    Product / role source

    Sources reviewed: 2026-10-08

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Input filtering and power protection

EMI, surges, overcurrent and hot swap

Protection and filtering circuits address abnormal voltage, current, temperature and insertion conditions, coordinated with the PSU controller.

Entry sources reviewed: 2026-10-08

Products, materials and role

Typical parts include fuses, thermistors or varistors, sensing resistors, filter capacitors and chokes, and output isolation switches. Infineon publishes inrush, undervoltage and overvoltage protection functions.

Distinction: Individual protection components do not establish complete system safety qualification. Protection implementation depends on the architecture.

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Power PCBs and copper-clad materials

Current, insulation, heat and layout

Power PCBs carry components and connect high-current and control paths, coordinating copper thickness, insulation distances, temperature and switching layout.

Entry sources reviewed: 2026-10-08

Products, materials and role

Common laminates combine copper foil, glass fabric and resin. Isola 370HR is a published thermally robust epoxy FR-4 example, not an identified material in a particular PSU.

Distinction: An AI power board does not automatically require M9/M10 high-speed signal materials. Board requirements depend on their actual function.

Company roles

Scope of these company examples

  • Isola · United States · Example role · PCB laminate materials

    370HR epoxy FR-4 is a material example, not a confirmed PSU bill of materials.

    Product / role source

    Sources reviewed: 2026-10-08

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PSU assembly and insulation materials

Joining, fixation, protection and thermal interfaces

Solder connects parts, adhesives secure large components, and insulation or optional potting protects assemblies. Thermal interfaces link components to heat-removal structures.

Entry sources reviewed: 2026-10-08

Products, materials and role

Epoxy, silicone or polyurethane systems may be selected by location. PCB resin, die encapsulation and assembly potting require different formulations; full potting is not universal in server PSUs.

Distinction: Thermal conductivity is only one selection factor alongside insulation, thickness, stress, processing and serviceability.

Company roles

Scope of these company examples

  • Electrolube · United Kingdom · Example role · Potting and protective materials

    Published epoxy, silicone and other encapsulants; use depends on the product design.

    Product / role source

    Sources reviewed: 2026-10-08

  • Henkel · Germany · Example role · Thermal and insulating interfaces

    Gap pads, fillers and thermal interfaces qualified for electrical and thermal conditions.

    Product / role source

    Sources reviewed: 2026-10-08

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PSUs, shelves and board power

Server PSU modules

AC/DC, DC/DC and power conversion

A PSU converts its specified input into server DC output, combining power devices, magnetics, capacitors, control, PCBs and thermal components.

Entry sources reviewed: 2026-10-08

Products, materials and role

A typical AC/DC path includes input protection/filtering, rectification/PFC, isolated DC/DC and output filtering/protection. Delta publishes a 5.5 kW PSU; Acbel lists six such modules in a 33 kW shelf.

Power-device packaging and testPSU magnetic componentsPSU capacitorsPower control, driver and sensing ICsInput filtering and power protectionPower PCBs and copper-clad materialsPSU assembly and insulation materialsComplete PSU testing and validation

Distinction: Module power, aggregate shelf rating and usable redundant capacity differ. Peak efficiency does not describe every operating load.

Company roles

Scope of these company examples

  • Delta Electronics · Taiwan · Example role · Server PSU modules

    Published 5.5 kW redundant PSU with up to 97.5% efficiency under specified conditions.

    Product / role source

    Sources reviewed: 2026-10-08

  • Acbel · Taiwan · Example role · PSUs and power shelves

    OCP listing describes six 5.5 kW PSUs forming a 33 kW shelf.

    Product / role source

    Sources reviewed: 2026-10-08

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Complete PSU testing and validation

Efficiency, transients, temperature and protection

An assembled PSU is checked against input/output, load-change, efficiency, temperature and protection requirements, with applicable safety and reliability qualification.

Entry sources reviewed: 2026-10-08

Products, materials and role

Compare efficiency at matched input voltage, load, temperature and fan-power boundaries. Infineon specifies peak and full-load conditions; Delta publishes certification for a particular product.

Distinction: Efficiency certification alone does not establish every safety, life or transient requirement, nor a production order from a specific customer.

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Board DC/DC and core regulation

Intermediate buses, VRMs and load points

Server-side converters reduce 48/54 V or 12 V toward processor voltages, using intermediate conversion and multiphase regulation close to CPUs and GPUs.

Entry sources reviewed: 2026-10-30

Products, materials and role

This level also uses switches, controllers, inductors and capacitors but has different voltage, current, location and thermal requirements. Infineon publishes the 48 V-to-core architecture.

Distinction: PSU output is not GPU core voltage, and motherboard VRM components are not automatically part of the external PSU bill of materials.

Company roles

Scope of these company examples

  • Infineon · Germany · Example role · 48 V-to-core power

    Intermediate conversion and processor-side multiphase design resources.

    Product / role source

    Sources reviewed: 2026-10-08

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800 V DC power distribution

Architecture, conversion and protection

Higher distribution voltage reduces current at the same power, changing conductor and conversion design options for dense computing. Voltage is still reduced near the load.

Entry sources reviewed: 2026-10-08

Products, materials and role

In August 2026 NVIDIA scheduled an MGX-compatible 800 V power rack for the second half of 2026 and a row power center for 2027. These roadmap statements do not describe adoption in every existing facility.

Distinction: 800 V is a distribution level, not GPU core voltage. Demonstrations, reference designs, availability plans and production deployments are distinct evidence.

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